Cells (Oct 2021)

Future Perspectives in Spinal Cord Repair: Brain as Saviour? TSCI with Concurrent TBI: Pathophysiological Interaction and Impact on MSC Treatment

  • Paul Köhli,
  • Ellen Otto,
  • Denise Jahn,
  • Marie-Jacqueline Reisener,
  • Jessika Appelt,
  • Adibeh Rahmani,
  • Nima Taheri,
  • Johannes Keller,
  • Matthias Pumberger,
  • Serafeim Tsitsilonis

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10112955
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 10, no. 11
p. 2955

Abstract

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Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), commonly caused by high energy trauma in young active patients, is frequently accompanied by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although combined trauma results in inferior clinical outcomes and a higher mortality rate, the understanding of the pathophysiological interaction of co-occurring TSCI and TBI remains limited. This review provides a detailed overview of the local and systemic alterations due to TSCI and TBI, which severely affect the autonomic and sensory nervous system, immune response, the blood–brain and spinal cord barrier, local perfusion, endocrine homeostasis, posttraumatic metabolism, and circadian rhythm. Because currently developed mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapeutic strategies for TSCI provide only mild benefit, this review raises awareness of the impact of TSCI–TBI interaction on TSCI pathophysiology and MSC treatment. Therefore, we propose that unravelling the underlying pathophysiology of TSCI with concomitant TBI will reveal promising pharmacological targets and therapeutic strategies for regenerative therapies, further improving MSC therapy.

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