Beneficial Regulatory Effects of Polymethoxyflavone—Rich Fraction from Ougan (<i>Citrus reticulata</i> cv. <i>Suavissima</i>) Fruit on Gut Microbiota and Identification of Its Intestinal Metabolites in Mice

Abstract

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are special flavonoids in citrus fruits that have been suggested to be beneficial to human health. However, whether PMFs in citrus fruit alter human gut microbiota is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PMF-rich fraction from Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) on gut microbiota and evaluate the intestinal metabolic profile of PMFs in Institute of Cancer Research mice. The main components of the PMF-rich fraction were nobiletin, tangeretin, and 5-demethylnobiletin. The composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. The results showed that after oral administration, the composition of mice gut microbiota was significantly altered. The relative abundance of two probiotics, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, were found to increase significantly. A total of 21 metabolites of PMFs were detected in mice intestinal content by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and they were generated through demethylation, demethoxylation, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation. Our results provided evidence that PMFs have potential beneficial regulatory effects on gut microbiota that in turn metabolize PMFs, which warrants further investigation in human clinical trials.

Keywords

• Ougan (<i>Citrus reticulata</i> cv. <i>Suavissima</i>)
• polymethoxyflavones
• gut microbiota
• metabolism in vivo
• metabolite identification
• beneficial regulatory effect