Prognostic value of biomarkers in chronic heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction

Abstract

The paper reviews major biomarkers for determining the prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. It also considers cystatin C, one of the novel and probably the most practically important biomarkers.

Keywords

• chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
• natriuretic peptide
• galectin-3
• urodilatin
• c-type natriuretic peptide (cnp)
• d-type natriuretic peptide
• cystatin c
• growth- stimulating factor (st2)