Public Health Reviews (May 2023)

A 7-Step Guideline for Qualitative Synthesis and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Health Sciences

  • Marija Glisic,
  • Marija Glisic,
  • Peter Francis Raguindin,
  • Peter Francis Raguindin,
  • Peter Francis Raguindin,
  • Peter Francis Raguindin,
  • Armin Gemperli,
  • Armin Gemperli,
  • Petek Eylul Taneri,
  • Dante Jr. Salvador,
  • Dante Jr. Salvador,
  • Trudy Voortman,
  • Trudy Voortman,
  • Pedro Marques Vidal,
  • Stefania I. Papatheodorou,
  • Setor K. Kunutsor,
  • Setor K. Kunutsor,
  • Arjola Bano,
  • Arjola Bano,
  • John P. A. Ioannidis,
  • John P. A. Ioannidis,
  • John P. A. Ioannidis,
  • John P. A. Ioannidis,
  • Taulant Muka,
  • Taulant Muka,
  • Taulant Muka

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2023.1605454
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 44

Abstract

Read online

Objectives: To provide a step-by-step, easy-to-understand, practical guide for systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Methods: A multidisciplinary team of researchers with extensive experience in observational studies and systematic review and meta-analysis was established. Previous guidelines in evidence synthesis were considered.Results: There is inherent variability in observational study design, population, and analysis, making evidence synthesis challenging. We provided a framework and discussed basic meta-analysis concepts to assist reviewers in making informed decisions. We also explained several statistical tools for dealing with heterogeneity, probing for bias, and interpreting findings. Finally, we briefly discussed issues and caveats for translating results into clinical and public health recommendations. Our guideline complements “A 24-step guide on how to design, conduct, and successfully publish a systematic review and meta-analysis in medical research” and addresses peculiarities for observational studies previously unexplored.Conclusion: We provided 7 steps to synthesize evidence from observational studies. We encourage medical and public health practitioners who answer important questions to systematically integrate evidence from observational studies and contribute evidence-based decision-making in health sciences.

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