Simulating time delays and space–time memory interactions: An analytical approach

Abstract

This study introduces a novel analytical framework to explore the effects of Caputo spatial and temporal memory indices combined with a proportional time delay on (non)linear (1+2)-dimensional evolutionary models. The solution is expressed as a Cauchy product of an absolutely convergent series that effectively captures the dynamics of these parameters. By extending the differential transform method into higher-dimensional fractional space, we reformulate the evolution equation as a (non)linear higher-order recurrence relation, which enables the precise determination of fractional series coefficients. Our findings show that Caputo derivatives and time delay significantly impact the system’s behavior, with graphical analysis revealing a continuous transition from a stationary to an integer state solution. The study also identifies a quantitative analogy between the Caputo-time fractional derivative and proportional time delay that highlights the role of Caputo derivatives as memory indices. This method has proven highly effective in deriving solutions for fractional higher-dimensional extensions of evolutionary equations.

Keywords

• Caputo space–time PDEs
• Proportional time-delay
• Multi-fractional differential transform