e-Prime: Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy (Jun 2023)
Policy instruments for CO2 valorisation support
Abstract
Mitigation of CO2 emissions has become a top question in international and national arenas, likewise on the city level. Existing CO2 mitigation measures are primarily orientated toward wider deployment of low-carbon technologies of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency measures, focusing on energy production, distribution, and energy use sectors, transport. In the recently announced European Green Deal strategy, response action on climate and environmental protection challenges for Europe 2050 is set. The strategy targets ''to transform the EU into a fair and prosperous society, with a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy where there are no net emissions of greenhouse gases in 2050 and where economic growth is decoupled from resource use.'' Rapid and intelligent solutions are needed to reach this ambitious target, which requires converting to profoundly transformative policies beyond others. An evident-based multi-sectoral forecasting model must be timely and effectively deployed to initiate and maintain such transformative policies. This work aims to analyse existing laws, regulations, and directives, both local and European, to identify limiting factors and factors that contribute to a more active introduction of systems for capturing, using, and/or reducing the amount of carbon dioxide created in production processes. The work results show how developed countries’ laws regarding carbon dioxide emissions - its capture, storage, and/or utilisation. At the time of writing, the most extensive legislative framework is represented in Sweden, followed by Belgium, Croatia, and Lithuania. The results show that Sweden has the most developed legislation and measures on CO2 issues and stimulates producers in various sectors to reduce emissions. The country with the most policies implemented is Belgium (213), while the country with the minor policies is Cyprus (13). Analysing the legislation of the countries of the European Union, it was concluded that Sweden's most extensive issue of CO2 emissions, storage, and utilisation had been worked out. The results emphasise the need for coherence between legislative frameworks in Member states. Therefore the role of CCS/CCU should be determined in national climate and energy strategies, ensuring compliance with CO2 export within the EU member states.
