Instruments (Jan 2024)
Double Photodiode Readout System for the Calorimeter of the HERD Experiment: Challenges and New Horizons in Technology for the Direct Detection of High-Energy Cosmic Rays
- Pietro Betti,
- Oscar Adriani,
- Matias Antonelli,
- Yonglin Bai,
- Xiaohong Bai,
- Tianwei Bao,
- Eugenio Berti,
- Lorenzo Bonechi,
- Massimo Bongi,
- Valter Bonvicini,
- Sergio Bottai,
- Weiwei Cao,
- Jorge Casaus,
- Zhen Chen,
- Xingzhu Cui,
- Raffaello D’Alessandro,
- Sebastiano Detti,
- Carlos Diaz,
- Yongwei Dong,
- Noemi Finetti,
- Valerio Formato,
- Miguel Angel Velasco Frutos,
- Jiarui Gao,
- Francesca Giovacchini,
- Xiaozhen Liang,
- Ran Li,
- Xin Liu,
- Linwei Lyu,
- Gustavo Martinez,
- Nicola Mori,
- Jesus Marin Munoz,
- Lorenzo Pacini,
- Paolo Papini,
- Cecilia Pizzolotto,
- Zheng Quan,
- Junjun Qin,
- Dalian Shi,
- Oleksandr Starodubtsev,
- Zhicheng Tang,
- Alessio Tiberio,
- Valerio Vagelli,
- Elena Vannuccini,
- Bo Wang,
- Junjing Wang,
- Le Wang,
- Ruijie Wang,
- Gianluigi Zampa,
- Nicola Zampa,
- Zhigang Wang,
- Ming Xu,
- Li Zhang,
- Jinkun Zheng
Affiliations
- Pietro Betti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze and INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Oscar Adriani
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze and INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Matias Antonelli
- INFN Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Yonglin Bai
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Xiaohong Bai
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Tianwei Bao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Eugenio Berti
- INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Lorenzo Bonechi
- INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Massimo Bongi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze and INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Valter Bonvicini
- INFN Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Sergio Bottai
- INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Weiwei Cao
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Jorge Casaus
- Ciemat, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Zhen Chen
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Xingzhu Cui
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Raffaello D’Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze and INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Sebastiano Detti
- INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Carlos Diaz
- Ciemat, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Yongwei Dong
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Noemi Finetti
- INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Valerio Formato
- INFN—Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Miguel Angel Velasco Frutos
- Ciemat, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Jiarui Gao
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Francesca Giovacchini
- Ciemat, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Xiaozhen Liang
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Ran Li
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Xin Liu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Linwei Lyu
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Gustavo Martinez
- Ciemat, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Nicola Mori
- INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Jesus Marin Munoz
- Ciemat, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Lorenzo Pacini
- INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Paolo Papini
- INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Cecilia Pizzolotto
- INFN Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Zheng Quan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Junjun Qin
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Dalian Shi
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Oleksandr Starodubtsev
- INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Zhicheng Tang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Alessio Tiberio
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze and INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Valerio Vagelli
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, via del Politecnico s.n.c., I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Elena Vannuccini
- INFN Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Bo Wang
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- Junjing Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Le Wang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- Ruijie Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Gianluigi Zampa
- INFN Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Nicola Zampa
- INFN Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Zhigang Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Ming Xu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Li Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Jinkun Zheng
- Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi’an 710019, China
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010005
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 8,
no. 1
p. 5
Abstract
The HERD experiment is a future experiment for the direct detection of high-energy cosmic rays and is to be installed on the Chinese space station in 2027. The main objectives of HERD are the first direct measurement of the knee of the cosmic ray spectrum, the extension of electron+positron flux measurement up to tens of TeV, gamma ray astronomy, and the search for indirect signals of dark matter. The main component of the HERD detector is an innovative calorimeter composed of about 7500 LYSO scintillating crystals assembled in a spherical shape. Two independent readout systems of the LYSO scintillation light will be installed on each crystal: the wavelength-shifting fibers system developed by IHEP and the double photodiode readout system developed by INFN and CIEMAT. In order to measure protons in the cosmic ray knee region, we must be able to measure energy release of about 250 TeV in a single crystal. In addition, in order to calibrate the system, we need to measure typical releases of minimum ionizing particles that are about 30 MeV. Thus, the readout systems should have a dynamic range of about 107. In this article, we analyze the development and the performance of the double photodiode readout system. In particular, we show the performance of a prototype readout by the double photodiode system for electromagnetic showers as measured during a beam test carried out at the CERN SPS in October 2021 with high-energy electron beams.
Keywords
- cosmic rays
- calorimeters
- space instrumentation
- large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics
