Heliyon (Jul 2024)
Evaluation and implications of organophosphate pesticide residues in cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Abstract
The improper application of pesticides in cultivating vegetables has resulted in the buildup of pesticide residues on vegetables. This study evaluated organophosphate pesticide residue levels in cabbage with specific objectives of investigating the varieties of organophosphate pesticides employed by farmers and their awareness, assessing residue levels on cabbage using semi-structured questionnaires, and determining the distribution of pesticide residues within the layers of the cabbage head using 50 cabbage samples randomly collected from farmers from 14 cabbage-producing communities. The findings indicated that 98 % of the farmers applied pesticides in the morning, whereas 24 % preferred evening application. Meanwhile, 22 % applied pesticides twice in a day. Also, 18 % combined pesticides, 40 % applied 20 ml during the application, 72 % chose a particular pesticide based on the expected efficiency, 46 % applied pesticides between 1 and 5 times in a season and 66 % sprayed between 7 and 14 days. Pyrinex 48 EC and Perferthion emerged as the predominant organophosphates, with usage rates of 10 % and 12 % respectively. Also, eleven (11) organophosphate pesticide residues were identified in the cabbage samples. Profenofos and chlorpyrifos exhibited the highest concentrations of pesticide residues, with levels reaching 0.02 mg/kg, with 56.6 % of the samples containing chlorpyrifos pesticide residue. Nevertheless, all the identified pesticide residues did not exceed the maximum residue limits for cabbage. The study analysis disclosed the presence of various organophosphate pesticide residues in the first 10 layers of cabbage. However, it was noted that the innermost layers might not contain any detectable pesticide residues. The findings highlight the need for farmers to use pesticides judiciously and follow recommended application practices to minimize vegetable residues.
