The water column distribution of carbonate system variables at the ESTOC site from 1995 to 2004

Abstract

The accelerated rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and the substantial fraction of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions absorbed by the oceans are affecting the anthropocenic signatures of seawater. Long-term time series are a powerful tool for investigating any change in ocean bio-geochemistry and its effects on the carbon cycle. We have evaluated the ESTOC (European Station for Time series in the Ocean at the Canary islands) observations of measured pH (total scale at 25 °C) and total alkalinity plus computed total dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (C_T) from 1995 to 2004 for surface and deep waters, by following all changes in response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The observed values for the surface partial pressure of CO₂ from 1995 to 2008 were also taken into consideration. The data were treated to better understand the fundamental processes controlling vertical distributions in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the accumulation of anthropogenic CO₂, <I>C</I>_ANT. <I>C</I>_T at constant salinity, <I>NC</I>_T, increased at a rate of 0.85 μmol kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the mixed layer, linked to an <I>f</I>CO₂ increase of 1.7&plusmn;0.7 μatm yr⁻¹ in both the atmosphere and the ocean. Consequently, the mixed layer at ESTOC site has also become more acidic, &minus;0.0017&plusmn;0.0003 units yr⁻¹, whereas the carbonate ion concentrations and CaCO₃ saturation states have also decreased over time. NC_T increases at a rate of 0.53, 0.49 and 0.40 μmol kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at 300, 600, and 1000 m, respectively. The general processes controlling the vertical variations of alkalinity and the inorganic carbon distribution were computed by considering the pre-formed values, the production/decomposition of organic matter and the formation/dissolution of carbonates. At 3000 m, 30% of the inorganic carbon production is related to the dissolution of calcium carbonate, increasing to 35% at 3685 m. The total column inventory of anthropogenic CO₂ for the decade was 66&plusmn;3 mol m⁻². A model fitting indicated that the column inventory of <I>C</I>_ANT increased from 61.7 mol m⁻² in the year 1994 to 70.2 mol m⁻² in 2004. The ESTOC site is presented as a reference site to follow <I>C</I>_ANT changes in the Northeast Atlantic Sub-tropical gyre.