Toxins (Jan 2023)

Evaluation of the Adsorption Efficacy of Bentonite on Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> Levels in Contaminated Milk

  • Gamal M. Hamad,
  • Hussein S. Abo El-Makarem,
  • Marwa G. Allam,
  • Osama S. El Okle,
  • Marwa I. El-Toukhy,
  • Taha Mehany,
  • Yasser El-Halmouch,
  • Mukhtar M. F. Abushaala,
  • Mohamed S. Saad,
  • Sameh A. Korma,
  • Salam A. Ibrahim,
  • Elsayed E. Hafez,
  • Amr Amer,
  • Eman Ali

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15020107
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 15, no. 2
p. 107

Abstract

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The existence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk results in economic losses and public health risks. This research aims to examine the capability of bentonite to adsorb and/or eliminate AFM1 from various raw milk types. In addition, the effects of numerous bentonites (HAFR 1, 2, 3 and 4) on the nutritional characteristics of the milk were studied. Our findings revealed that goat milk had the highest value of AFM1 (490.30 ng/L) in comparison to other milks. AFM1 adsorption was influenced by applying bentonite (0.5 and 1 g) in a concentration-dependent manner for different time intervals (from 0 to 12 h). The percentage of AFM1 reached the maximum adsorption level after 12 h to 100, 98.5 and 98% for bentonites HAFR 3, 1 and 2, respectively. HAFR 3 (1 g bentonite) presented higher adsorption efficiency than other bentonites used in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and milk. Residual levels of AFM1 reached their lowest values of 0 and 1.5 ng/L while using HAFR 3 in PBS and milk, respectively. With regard to the influence of bentonite on the nutritional characteristics of milk, there was an increase in fat, protein and solid non-fat ratio while using HAFR 3 and 4, yet decreased lactose in comparison with the control. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy both identified bentonites as superior AFM1 binders. The results demonstrated that bentonite, particularly HAFR 3, was the most effective adsorbent and could thus be a promising candidate for the decontamination of AFM1 in milk.

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