Anuario de Psicología Jurídica (Dec 2021)
El Apego Va a Juicio: Problemas de Custodia y Protección Infantil1
- Tommie Forslund,
- Pehr Granqvist,
- Marinus H. van IJzendoorn,
- Avi Sagi-Schwartz,
- Danya Glaser,
- Miriam Steele,
- Mårten Hammarlund,
- Carlo Schuengel,
- Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg,
- Howard Steele,
- Phillip R. Shaver,
- Ulrike Lux,
- John Simmonds,
- Deborah Jacobvitz,
- Ashley M. Groh,
- Kristin Bernard,
- Chantal Cyr,
- Nancy L. Hazen,
- Sarah Foster,
- Elia Psouni,
- Philip A. Cowan,
- Carolyn Pape Cowan,
- Anne Rifkin-Graboi,
- David Wilkins,
- Blaise Pierrehumbert,
- George M. Tarabulsy,
- Rodrigo A. Cárcamo,
- Zhengyan Wang,
- Xi Liang,
- Maria Kázmierczak,
- Paulina Pawlicka,
- Lilian Ayiro,
- Tamara Chansa,
- Francis Sichimba,
- Haatembo Mooya,
- Loyola McLean,
- Manuela Verissimo,
- Sonia Gojman-de-Millán,
- Marlene M. Moretti,
- Fabien Bacro,
- Mikko J. Peltola,
- Megan Galbally,
- Kiyomi Kondo-Ikemura,
- Kazuko Y. Behrens,
- Stephen Scott,
- Andrés Fresno Rodriguez,
- Rosario Spencer,
- Germán Posada,
- Rosalinda Cassibba,
- Neus Barrantes-Vidal,
- Jesús Palacios,
- Lavinia Barone,
- Sheri Madigan,
- Karen Mason-Jones,
- Sophie Reijman,
- Femmie Juffer,
- R. Pasco Fearon,
- Annie Bernier,
- Dante Cicchetti,
- Glenn I. Roisman,
- Jude Cassidy,
- Heinz Kindler,
- Peter Zimmerman,
- Ruth Feldman,
- Gottfried Spangle,
- Charles H. Zeanah,
- Mary Dozier,
- Jay Belsky,
- Michael E. Lamb,
- Robbie Duschinsky
Affiliations
- Tommie Forslund
- Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, Stockholm , Sweden, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pehr Granqvist
- Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, Stockholm , Sweden, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam , The Netherlands, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Avi Sagi-Schwartz
- University of Haifa, Center for the Study of Child Development, School of Psychological Sciences, Haifa , Israel, School of Psychological Sciences and Center for the Study of Child Development, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- Danya Glaser
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London , UK, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
- Miriam Steele
- The New School, Psychology Department, New York NY , USA, Psychology Department, The New School, New York, NY, USA.
- Mårten Hammarlund
- Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, Stockholm , Sweden, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Carlo Schuengel
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Child and Family Studies, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam , The Netherlands, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Child and Family Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Child and Family Studies, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam , The Netherlands, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Child and Family Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Howard Steele
- The New School, Psychology Department, New York NY , USA, Psychology Department, The New School, New York, NY, USA.
- Phillip R. Shaver
- University of California, Davis CA , USA, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Ulrike Lux
- German Youth Institute, Department Families and Family Policies, Munich , Germany, Department Families and Family Policies, German Youth Institute, Munich, Germany.
- John Simmonds
- British Association for Adoption and Fostering at Coram, London , UK, British Association for Adoption and Fostering at Coram (CoramBAAF), London, UK.
- Deborah Jacobvitz
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas , USA, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, USA.
- Ashley M. Groh
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Psychology, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA
- Kristin Bernard
- Stony Brook University, Department of Psychology, New York , USA, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
- Chantal Cyr
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de Psychologie, Québec , Canada, Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Nancy L. Hazen
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas , USA, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, USA.
- Sarah Foster
- Northumbria University, Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Newcastle , UK, Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- Elia Psouni
- Lund University, Department of Psychology, Sweden, Department of Psychology, Lund University, Sweden.
- Philip A. Cowan
- University of California, Department of Psychology, Berkeley , USA, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
- Carolyn Pape Cowan
- University of California, Department of Psychology, Berkeley , USA, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
- Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS, Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore.
- David Wilkins
- Cardiff University, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff , UK, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, UK.
- Blaise Pierrehumbert
- University of Lausanne, Switzerland, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
- George M. Tarabulsy
- Laval University, School of Psychology, Québec City , Canada, School of Psychology, Laval University, Québec City, Canada.
- Rodrigo A. Cárcamo
- Universidad de Magallanes, Departamento de Psicología, Punta Arenas , Chile, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
- Zhengyan Wang
- Capital Normal University, School of Psychology, Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Beijing , China, Research Centre for Child Development, Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
- Xi Liang
- Capital Normal University, School of Psychology, Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Beijing , China, Research Centre for Child Development, Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
- Maria Kázmierczak
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Poland, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdansk, Poland.
- Paulina Pawlicka
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Poland, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdansk, Poland.
- Lilian Ayiro
- Maseno University, Department of Educational Psychology, Kisumu , Kenya, Department of Educational Psychology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya.
- Tamara Chansa
- University of Zambia, Department of Psychology, Lusaka , Zambia, Department of Psychology, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
- Francis Sichimba
- University of Zambia, Department of Psychology, Lusaka , Zambia, Department of Psychology, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
- Haatembo Mooya
- University of Zambia, Department of Psychology, Lusaka , Zambia, Department of Psychology, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
- Loyola McLean
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney , Australia, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
- Manuela Verissimo
- Instituto Universitário, William James Center for Research, Lisboa , Portugal, William James Center for Research, ISPA – Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Sonia Gojman-de-Millán
- Centro de investigación del Seminario de Sociopsicoanálisis, Ciudad de México , México, Centro de investigación del Seminario de Sociopsicoanálisis, Ciudad de México, México.
- Marlene M. Moretti
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Psychology, Vancouver , Canada, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.
- Fabien Bacro
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Psychologie, France, Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Nantes, France.
- Mikko J. Peltola
- Tampere University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Human Information Processing Laboratory, Finland, Human Information Processing Laboratory, Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland.
- Megan Galbally
- Murdoch University, Education and Engineering, College of Science, Australia, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Australia.
- Kiyomi Kondo-Ikemura
- Teikyo University, Department of Psychology, Tokyo , Japan, Department of Psychology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Kazuko Y. Behrens
- State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, New York , USA, Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Utica, New York, USA.
- Stephen Scott
- Kings’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London , UK, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings’s College London, UK.
- Andrés Fresno Rodriguez
- Universidad de Talca, Departamento de Psicología, Chile, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Chile.
- Rosario Spencer
- Universidad de Talca, Departamento de Psicología, Chile, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Chile.
- Germán Posada
- Purdue University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Lafayette , USA, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
- Rosalinda Cassibba
- University of Bari, Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Italy, Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, Italy.
- Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, España, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España.
- Jesús Palacios
- Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Sevilla , España, Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Universidad de Sevilla, España.
- Lavinia Barone
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Lab of Attachment and Parenting, Pavia , Italy, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Lab of Attachment and Parenting - LAG, University of Pavia, Italy.
- Sheri Madigan
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Canada, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Canada.
- Karen Mason-Jones
- University of California, Center for Health & Community, California , USA, Center for Health & Community, University of California, USA.
- Sophie Reijman
- University of Cambridge, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge , UK, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK.
- Femmie Juffer
- Leiden University, Centre for Child and Family Studies, The Netherlands, Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
- R. Pasco Fearon
- University College London, Educational and Health Psychology, Research Department of Clinical, London , UK, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK.
- Annie Bernier
- Université de Montréal, Département de Psychologie, Canada, Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Canada
- Dante Cicchetti
- University of Minnesota, Institute of Child Development, Department of Psychiatry, Minnesota , USA, Institute of Child Development and Department of Psychiatry,University of Minnesota, USA.
- Glenn I. Roisman
- University of Minnesota, Institute of Child Development, USA, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, USA.
- Jude Cassidy
- University of Maryland, Department of Psychology, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, USA.
- Heinz Kindler
- German Youth Institute, Munich , Germany, German Youth Institute, Munich, Germany.
- Peter Zimmerman
- University of Wuppertal, Department of Psychology/Developmental Psychology, Germany, Department of Psychology/Developmental Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Germany.
- Ruth Feldman
- Interdisciplinary Center, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Herzliya , Israel, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel.
- Gottfried Spangle
- Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Psychology, Erlangen , Germany, Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
- Charles H. Zeanah
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Institute of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health, New Orleans , USA, Institute of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.
- Mary Dozier
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, USA.
- Jay Belsky
- University of California, Department of Human Ecology, California , USA, Department of Human Ecology, University of California, USA.
- Michael E. Lamb
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychology, Cambridge , UK, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK.
- Robbie Duschinsky
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychology, Cambridge , UK, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK.
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2021a26
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 32,
no. 1
pp. 115 – 139
Abstract
La teoría y la investigación sobre el apego se utilizan en muchos contextos aplicados, incluidos los juzgados de familia, pero hay malentendidos muy extendidos y que a veces dan lugar a aplicaciones erróneas. El objetivo de este documento de consenso es, por lo tanto, mejorar la comprensión, contrarrestar la desinformación y dirigir el uso de la teoría del apego por parte de los juzgados de familia en la dirección de un apoyo basado en la evidencia, especialmente en lo que respecta a la protección de niñas y niños y las decisiones sobre su custodia. El artículo se divide en dos partes. En la primera abordamos los problemas relacionados con el uso de la teoría y la investigación sobre apego en los juzgados de familia, analizando las causas de tales problemas. Para ello examinamos las aplicaciones de la teoría del apego en los juzgados de familia en el marco del concepto de interés superior de niños y niñas, analizamos los malentendidos relacionados con la teoría del apego e identificamos los factores que han obstaculizado su adecuada aplicación. En la segunda parte ofrecemos recomendaciones para la aplicación de la teoría y la investigación sobre apego. Para ello establecemos tres principios del apego: la necesidad de niñas y niños de cuidadoras y cuidadores habituales que no maltraten, el valor de la continuidad de cuidados de calidad suficientemente buena y los beneficios de las redes de relaciones de apego. También analizamos la idoneidad de las evaluaciones de los estilos de apego y del comportamiento de los cuidadores para fundamentar la toma de decisiones de los juzgados de familia. Llegamos a la conclusión de que las evaluaciones de quienes cuidan deberían ocupar un lugar central. Aunque no hay consenso entre nosotros sobre el uso de las evaluaciones del estilo de apego para fundamentar las decisiones sobre custodia y protección infantil, dichas evaluaciones son actualmente las más adecuadas para orientar y dirigir las intervenciones de apoyo. Por último, proporcionamos orientaciones para guiar la futura colaboración en la investigación interdisciplinaria.
Keywords
- attachment theory
- best interests of the child
- child custody
- child protection
- family court
- consensus statement
