Single-institution experience of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for near-fatal asthma

Abstract

Near-fatal asthma (NFA) is the most severe presentation of asthma. It is characterized by hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure requiring ventilatory assistance, including non-invasive ventilation and mechanical ventilation. However, NFA has a high mortality rate despite conventional therapy. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a treatment modality that is increasingly being utilized as rescue therapy in patients with NFA that is refractory to mechanical ventilation. Prior analyses of the international Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry data showed a survival rate of over 83% in patients placed on venovenous (VV) ECMO for NFA, but with notable rate of hemorrhagic complications. We report seven cases of adults with NFA requiring ECMO support at our large quaternary care institution between the years 2019 and 2022. All seven patients presented with respiratory failure in the setting of asthma exacerbation that progressed despite standard pharmacotherapy and mechanical ventilation. All patients survived to hospital discharge after ECMO support without hemorrhagic complications, highlighting the effectiveness and safety of ECMO when appropriately used in this population.

Keywords

• Asthma
• Hypercapnia
• Mechanical ventilation
• Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory failure
• Venovenous ECMO