Bias in research

Abstract

Systematic errors, or biases, are reproducible inaccuracies that produce a consistently false pattern of differences between observed and true values. Systematic errors can threaten the validity of any research study. Biases can arise from innumerable sources, including complex human factors. For this reason, avoidance of systematic errors or biases is a prerequisite of proper research design. In this article, we attempt to explain some common types of bias that occur in clinical studies and what steps should be taken to minimize them.

Keywords

• bias
• research