Pyocyanin and 1-Hydroxyphenazine Promote Anaerobic Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa via Single-Electron Transfer with Ferrous Iron

Abstract

ABSTRACT Previously, it was reported that natural phenazines are able to support the anaerobic survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 cells via electron shuttling, with electrodes poised as the terminal oxidants (Y. Wang, S. E. Kern, and D. K. Newman, J Bacteriol 192:365–369, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01188-09). The present study shows that both pyocyanin (PYO) and 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-OHPHZ) promoted the anaerobic killing of PA14 Δphz cells presumably via a single-electron transfer reaction with ferrous iron. However, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) did not affect anaerobic survival in the presence of ferrous iron. Anaerobic cell death was alleviated by the addition of antioxidant compounds, which inhibit electron transfer via DNA damage. Neither superoxide dismutase (SOD) nor catalase was able to alleviate P. aeruginosa cell death, ruling out the possibility of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced killing. Further, the phenazine degradation profile and the redox state-associated color changes suggested that phenazine radical intermediates are likely generated by single-electron transfer. In this study, we showed that the phenazines 1-OHPHZ and PYO anaerobically killed the cell via single-electron transfer with ferrous iron and that the killing might have resulted from phenazine radicals. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen which infects patients with burns, immunocompromised individuals, and in particular, the mucus that accumulates on the surface of the lung in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Phenazines as redox-active small molecules have been reported as important compounds for the control of cellular functions and virulence as well as anaerobic survival via electron shuttles. We show that both pyocyanin (PYO) and 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-OHPHZ) generate phenazine radical intermediates via presumably single-electron transfer reaction with ferrous iron, leading to the anaerobic killing of Pseudomonas cells. The recA mutant defect in the DNA repair system was more sensitive to anaerobic conditions. Our results collectively suggest that both phenazines anaerobically kill cells via DNA damage during electron transfer with iron.

Keywords

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• 1-hydroxyphenazine
• pyocyanin
• ferrous iron
• anaerobic killing
• phenazine radical intermediate