Changes in plasma electrolytes, minerals, and hepatic markers of health across the transition period in dairy cows divergent in genetic merit for fertility traits and postpartum anovulatory intervals

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Peripartum metabolism and subsequent reproductive performance of dairy cows are linked, with maladaptation over the transition period associated with poor reproductive success. A herd of seasonal calving, grazing dairy cows was established that differed in their genetic merit for fertility traits. The heifers were produced by a customized mating program to achieve a 10-percentage point divergence in the New Zealand fertility breeding value (FertBV) as follows: +5 FertBV (POS) versus −5% FertBV (NEG), while also limiting divergence in other breeding values, including body weight, body condition score, and milk production. In this study, we aimed to characterize differences in metabolic, mineral, and metabolic stress marker profiles during their first postpartum transition period as primiparous heifers and to examine if animals with longer postpartum anestrous intervals (PPAI; more than 66 d compared with less than 35 d) had greater metabolic dysfunction. Blood was sampled at −21, −14, −7, 0, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 28, and 35 d relative to calving in 455 primiparous cows and plasma analyzed. The NEG cows had lower concentrations of both plasma nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate at d 7 compared with POS cows. Detailed temporal profiling of various metabolic, mineral, and metabolic stress markers was undertaken in a subset of cows (n = 70). Cows were selected retrospectively to create 4 groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design with either a POS or NEG FertBV and either a short (19–35 d) or long (66–131 d) PPAI. The NEG cows tended, on average, to have lower nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations compared with POS cows across the transition period. Mean body weight and body condition score was greatest in NEG cows when compared with the POS cows and an interaction with day demonstrated this only occurred precalving. They also had indications of improved liver health precalving, with higher albumin-to-globulin ratios and lower bilirubin concentrations. Concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase were lower, and the Na-to-Cl ratio was greater in cows with a long versus a short PPAI at d 28 and d 35 after calving, potentially because of cows with a short PPAI (19–35 d) returning to estrous during this time. Magnesium concentrations were lower in NEG cows with a short PPAI from d 21 onwards, indicating NEG cows may metabolically respond to estrous differently than POS cows. The NEG-long PPAI cows had greater gamma-glutamyl transferase concentrations from calving until d 28 and lower bilirubin concentrations throughout the transition period. Together, the results demonstrate significant effects of FertBV on peripartum metabolic status. However, most of the markers tested returned to reference intervals within 4 d after calving or remained within those intervals for the whole transition period, indicating relatively minor biological effects of FertBV on transition period adaptation. The profound differences in reproductive performance among the groups was not explained by underlying differences in metabolic responses during the transition period.

Keywords

• estrus
• calving
• nonesterified fatty acid
• anestrous interval