Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction with Elevated Filling Pressures Is Associated with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source and Atrial Fibrillation
Zubair Bashir,
Liqi Shu,
Yuqian Guo,
Edward W. Chen,
Shuyuan Wang,
Eric D. Goldstein,
Maheen Rana,
Narendra Kala,
Xing Dai,
Daniel Mandel,
Shadi Yaghi,
Phinnara Has,
Mingxing Xie,
Tao Wang,
James Simmons,
Christopher Song,
Philip Haines
Affiliations
Zubair Bashir
Department of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
Liqi Shu
Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
Yuqian Guo
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310025, China
Edward W. Chen
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
Shuyuan Wang
Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
Eric D. Goldstein
Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
Maheen Rana
Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
Narendra Kala
Department of Neurology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
Xing Dai
Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
Daniel Mandel
Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
Shadi Yaghi
Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
Phinnara Has
Lifespan Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Research Design, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
Mingxing Xie
Department of Ultrasound, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
Tao Wang
Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
James Simmons
Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
Christopher Song
Department of Cardiology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
Philip Haines
Department of Cardiology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
Background/Objectives: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and elevated left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) are strong predictors of clinical outcomes across various populations. However, their diagnostic utility in embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) remains unclear. We hypothesized that LVDD with elevated LVFP (based on echocardiography) was more likely to be prevalent in ESUS compared to non-cardioembolic stroke (NCE) and to be associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) on follow-up monitoring. Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study that included adult patients with a diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke between January 2016 and June 2017. LV function was assessed by inpatient transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), and stroke etiology was adjudicated by the neurologist per the consensus criteria. Patients with cardioembolic stroke and those with indeterminate diastolic function on TTE were excluded. Baseline patient characteristics and clinical variables were compared among patients with and without LVDD and elevated LVFP. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the associations between diastolic dysfunction, ESUS, and AF detection in ESUS patients. Results: We identified 509 patients with ESUS and NCE stroke who had reported diastolic function. The mean age was 64.19 years, 45.19% were female, and 146 had LVDD with available LVFP data. LVDD was not associated with ESUS (adjusted OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 0.90–2.27, p = 0.130) or atrial fibrillation (AF) detection on cardiac monitoring (adjusted OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 0.75–4.72, p = 0.179). However, LVDD with elevated LVFP was borderline associated with ESUS (adjusted OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 0.99–4.77, p = 0.054) and significantly associated with AF detection (adjusted OR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.07–12.06, p = 0.038). Conclusions: Our data suggest that LVDD with elevated LVFP is borderline associated with ESUS and significantly associated with AF detection on follow-up cardiac monitoring. Therefore, the presence of LVDD with an increased probability of elevated LVFP may help identify a subset of stroke patients more likely to have ESUS, potentially due to atrial cardiopathy with underlying occult AF. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of anticoagulation in patients with ESUS and LVDD with elevated LVFP.
