Phytochemical and Biological Traits of Endemic <i>Betonica bulgarica</i> (Lamiaceae)
Tsvetelina Mladenova,
Plamen Stoyanov,
Krasimir Todorov,
Delyana Davcheva,
Gergana Kirova,
Tanya Deneva,
Donika Gyuzeleva,
Rumen Mladenov,
Anelia Bivolarska
Affiliations
Tsvetelina Mladenova
Department of Botany and Methods of Biology Teaching, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Assen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Plamen Stoyanov
Department of Botany and Methods of Biology Teaching, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Assen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Krasimir Todorov
Department of Botany and Methods of Biology Teaching, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Assen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Delyana Davcheva
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15A Vasil Aprilov Boulevard, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Gergana Kirova
Division of Pharmaceutical Innovations for Personalized Medicine, Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, 15A Vasil Aprilov Boulevard, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Tanya Deneva
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15A Vasil Aprilov Boulevard, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Donika Gyuzeleva
Department of Botany and Methods of Biology Teaching, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Assen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Rumen Mladenov
Department of Botany and Methods of Biology Teaching, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Assen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Anelia Bivolarska
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15A Vasil Aprilov Boulevard, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Betonica bulgarica is an endemic species distributed in Bulgaria. The chemical composition of the essential oil analysed by GC–MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) and the content of trace elements analysed by ICP–MS (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) were determined. Additionally, a study on the types and distribution of trichomes was done using a microscope with a camera. The essential oil was characterized using a high concentration of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, whose major compounds are β-caryophyllene (17.4%), germacrene D (9.9%), and β-bourbonene (6.7%). The contents of manganese (177.2 µg/g) and strontium (156.8 µg/g) were highest among the investigated micronutrients. Two types of trichomes were identified on the adaxial and abaxial epidermises of the leaves of B. bulgarica—covering and glandular. Peltate stacked glandular trichomes with a four-celled head of type B were observed on the leaf surface.
