JFO Open Ophthalmology (Dec 2024)
Retinal thickness and macular microvascular changes seen on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with sickle cell retinopathy in a tertiary care eye hospital
Abstract
Purpose: To report retinal thickness values and macular vascular flow characteristics identified by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) in patients with various sickle cell genotypes in a population from sub-Saharan Africa. Design: Retrospective, observational study. Methods: This is a single-institution case series of adult patients with various sickle cell genotypes who presented to the Eye Foundation Hospital Lagos between January 2022 and December 2023. Case files of patients were reviewed, and macular OCT and OCT-A images analyzed quantitatively for macular thickness, areas of flow loss, size of foveal avascular area, parafoveal flow, as well as vascular density in both the superficial and deep vascular plexi. The findings were compared by sickle cell genotype and comparisons made with age matched normal patients. Results: A total of 38 eyes of 19 patients’ records were reviewed, and 35 eyes met the inclusion criteria; 16 eyes of 9 age and gender matched controls were included. The mean central foveal thickness (CFT) was 242.4 μm ± 33.3 μm among patients’ eyes, while a mean CFT of 236.1 μm ± 10.1 μm was measured among controls (p = 0.312). A smaller mean FAZ area of 0.270 mm2 ± 0.116 mm2 was seen among the control eyes compared to a mean of 0.314 mm2 ± 0.206 mm2 among patients’ eyes (p = 0.439). The mean flow area was larger among control eyes with 0.849 mm2 ± 0.647 mm2 compared to a mean flow of 0.822 mm2 ± 0.471 mm2 among patients’ eyes (0.868). The mean superficial foveal vessel density was greater among control eyes (19.30 ± 4.58) compared to patient eyes (18.77 ± 7.78) (p = 0.765). The mean deep foveal vessel density was greater among controls (35.30 ± 8.36) than among patients (34.06 ± 9.30) (p = 0.650). The difference between eyes of SC (53.37 ± 5.13) patients and SS (47.94 ± 8.44) patients in the deep temporal perifoveal VD was statistically significant (p = 0.035). Conclusion: The retina in eyes with sickle retinopathy and that of controls tends to be thickest in the nasal quadrant, then the superior, then inferior, and then thinnest in the temporal quadrant. Macular vessel density in both the superficial and deep capillary plexi was thicker among controls compared to eyes with sickle cell retinopathy. Among patients’ eyes, the deep capillary vessel density in the temporal perifoveal quadrant was greater among SC patients compared to SS (p = 0.035).
