Porcine Enteric Coronavirus PEDV Induces the ROS-ATM and Caspase7-CAD-γH2AX Signaling Pathways to Foster Its Replication
Xin Ming,
Huan Chen,
Ying Yang,
Pu Zhao,
Liumei Sun,
Caisheng Zhang,
Hyun-Jin Shin,
Jeong-Soo Lee,
Yong-Sam Jung,
Yingjuan Qian
Affiliations
Xin Ming
MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Huan Chen
MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Ying Yang
MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Pu Zhao
MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Liumei Sun
MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Caisheng Zhang
MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Hyun-Jin Shin
College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
Jeong-Soo Lee
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
Yong-Sam Jung
MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Yingjuan Qian
MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
DNA damage response (DDR) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which eukaryotic cells sense DNA lesions caused by intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, including virus infection. Although interactions between DNA viruses and DDR have been extensively studied, how RNA viruses, especially coronaviruses, regulate DDR remains unknown. A previous study showed that the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the Coronaviridae family, induces DDR in infected cells. However, the underlying mechanism was unclear. This study showed that PEDV activates the ATM-Chk2 signaling, while inhibition of ATM or Chk2 dampens the early stage of PEDV infection. Additionally, we found that PEDV-activated ATM signaling correlates with intracellular ROS production. Interestingly, we showed that, unlike the typical γH2AX foci, PEDV infection leads to a unique γH2AX staining pattern, including phase I (nuclear ring staining), II (pan-nuclear staining), and III (co-staining with apoptotic bodies), which highly resembles the apoptosis process. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PEDV-induced H2AX phosphorylation depends on the activation of caspase-7 and caspase-activated DNAse (CAD), but not ATM-Chk2. Finally, we showed that the knockdown of H2AX attenuates PEDV replication. Taken together, we conclude that PEDV induces DDR through the ROS-ATM and caspase7-CAD-γH2AX signaling pathways to foster its early replication.
