Synchronization of Wave Flows of Arterial and Venous Blood with Phases of the Cardiac Cycle in Norm: Part 1

Abstract

Hemodynamic indices studied in practically healthy people were obtained by catheterization in various vascular areas: the chambers of the heart (left ventricle, right ventricle, left atrium, right atrium, coronary sinus), pulmonary trunk, aorta, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, right hepatic vein, and sigmoid sinus. In the investigated areas, using the mean values of the hemodynamic parameters, we constructed graphics of the "curves" of the central, arterial, and venous pressure, synchronized with each other and ECG. Separation of a sequential scheme of the cardiac cycle (CC) into the phases indicated in the text allowed us to determine (on the superimposed curves) the points of intersection (equal pressure values—zeroing of the pressure gradients) of the hemodynamic and wave processes simultaneously occurring in various parts of the vascular bed (including those remote from the heart). As a result of the analysis, we propose a scheme (which is key to periodization of the CC phases) of the sequences of zones of temporal equalization of pressure (a rapidly acting matrix of pressure equalization points) initiated by the systole of the three-chamber ventricular block, part of which is the trigger mechanism for the next phase of CC.

Keywords

• cardiac cycle
• hemodynamic parameters
• ECG
• chambers of the heart