Prospects for combining the methods of haploid biotechnology and genome editing to improve spiked grains of the <i>Triticeae</i> family (review)

Abstract

Over the past few decades, haploid biotechnologies have become an integral part of breeding programs for many crops. Using the strategy of doubling haploids induced in the culture of gametic cells and tissues in vitro, through androgenesis, gynogenesis and distant hybridization, it became possible to significantly reduce the time for developing new varieties. Using the technology of doubled haploids, within one or two generations, it is possible to obtain aligned homozygous lines, which can both help speed up the breeding process and study several scientific and practical issues. Another promising tool for developing lines and samples with specified traits within several generations is genome editing (engineering) using various nuclease-based engineering complexes. The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, which came into use ten years ago, allows solving a wide variety of problems in plant functional genomics, including engineering resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, improving productivity and product quality. The technology is better than the most known methods for improving varieties for the traits which have mono- or polygenic control, since it allows changing several genes simultaneously, which is important for polyploid species. An integral part of plant genome editing, as well as haploidogenesis technologies, is cell and tissue culture in vitro, which gives possibility for their combination. The combination of technologies allows producing homozygous plants with new gene-specific mutations, which improves genetic diversity and accelerates the selection of linear material with new economically valuable traits. The current review has summarized the experience of combining haploidy and genome editing methods in spiked grains of the Triticeae family. In addition to analyzing the current state, there have been considered the prospects for further development of technologies for obtaining haploids of wheat, barley, triticale, and rye with an edited genome.

Keywords

• wheat
• barley
• oats
• triticale
• genome editing (engineering)
• crispr/cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/crispr-associated protein)
• talen (transcription activator-like effector nucleases)
• zfn (zinc-finger nucleases)
• dihaploids