Spreading of the semi-arid climate across South Africa

Abstract

The eastward shift of semi-arid climate across South Africa is studied using satellite assimilated cloud cover, vegetation temperature and potential evaporation 1981–2019, and 21st century coupled model projections. Semi-arid thresholds over the plateau have shifted hundreds of kilometers eastward in the Vaal River catchment for potential evaporation, cloud fraction, and vegetation temperature. Coastal cloudiness has also changed due to sea breezes modified by shelf zone sea temperatures. Processes underlying the spread of semi-arid conditions across South Africa are quantified. Desiccation is related to greater westerly airflow, as the atmospheric boundary layer over the Kalahari preferentially links with the upper-level circulation. Warm dry spells and climate change enhance the meridional temperature gradient and accelerate the sub-tropical jet at both short- and long timescales. According to observations and reanalysis, dry westerlies prevail during the afternoon and induce +0.2 °C/year trends in vegetation temperature over the Highveld during the study period. Coupled model projections show that semi-arid conditions expand eastward from Bloemhof (25.5°E) by 50,000 km2, altering future adaptation strategies. HIGHLIGHTS The semi-arid climate of South Africa is studied using high-resolution satellite datasets 1981–2019 and 21st century coupled model projections.; Semi-arid thresholds over the plateau have shifted hundreds of kilometers southeastward.; A westerly airflow over the Kalahari joins with the sub-tropical jet to export warm dry air to the escarpment, particularly in the afternoon.;

Keywords

• coupled model projections
• eastward drying trend
• satellite measurements
• south africa