On the Genesis of the 2021 Atlantic Niño

Abstract

Abstract An extreme Atlantic Niño developed in the boreal summer of 2021 with peak‐season sea surface temperature anomalies exceeding 1°C in the eastern equatorial region for the first time since global satellite measurements began in the early 1970s. Here, we show that the development of this outlier event was preconditioned by a series of oceanic Rossby waves that reflected at the South American coast into downwelling equatorial Kelvin waves. In early May, an intense week‐long westerly wind burst (WWB) event, driven by the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO), developed in the western and central equatorial Atlantic and greatly amplified one of the reflected Kelvin waves, directly initiating the 2021 Atlantic Niño. MJO‐driven WWBs are fundamental to the development of El Niño in the Pacific but are a previously unidentified driver for Atlantic Niño. Their importance for the 2021 event suggests that they may serve as a useful predictor/precursor for future Atlantic Niño events.

Keywords

• Atlantic Niño
• Madden‐Julian oscillation
• westerly wind burst
• Kelvin wave
• El Niño
• La Niña