A Host–Guest Platform for Highly Efficient, Quantitative, and Rapid Detection of Nitroreductase

Abstract

Nitroreductase (NTR) is an enzyme expressed at an abnormally high level in solid tumors, which is associated with the hypoxia level in tumors. The establishment of a high-performance and convenient fluorescent platform for the fast monitoring of NTR is of pivotal importance. Herein, a novel host–guest complex was created by encapsulating a fluorescent substrate GP-NTR within a metal–organic capsule Zn-MPB that included a NADH mimic for the detection of hypoxia via responding to nitroreductase (NTR) with fast responsiveness and good fluorescence imaging. Notably, the double-substrate process was streamlined to a single–substrate process by the host–guest supramolecular method in the catalytic process of NTR, which enabled the reaction to be independent of the cofactor NADH supply and shortened the distance between the substrate and the active site of NTR. The increasing fluorescence intensity of Zn-MPB⊃GP-NTR exhibits a linear relationship with NTR concentration and shows a fast response toward NTR in solution in tens of seconds. Zn-MPB⊃GP-NTR also displays high sensitivity to NTR with a low detection limit of 6.4 ng/mL. Cells and in vivo studies have confirmed that Zn-MPB⊃GP-NTR could be successfully applied for the fast imaging of NTR in NTR-overexpressed tumor cells and tumor-bearing animals. The host–guest platform not only provides a new avenue for the design and optimization of a fluorescence detection platform for the rapid and quantitative detection of NTR activity, but also offers an imaging tool for the early diagnosis of hypoxia-related tumors.

Keywords

• host–guest interaction
• hypoxia
• bioimaging
• rapid detection
• nitroreductase