Specific Mutations near the Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleavage Site Increase γ-Secretase Sensitivity and Modulate Amyloid-β Production

Abstract

Amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) are produced via cleavage of the transmembrane region of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by γ-secretase and are responsible for Alzheimer’s disease. Familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) is associated with APP mutations that disrupt the cleavage reaction and increase the production of neurotoxic Aβs, i.e., Aβ42 and Aβ43. Study of the mutations that activate and restore the cleavage of FAD mutants is necessary to understand the mechanism of Aβ production. In this study, using a yeast reconstruction system, we revealed that one of the APP FAD mutations, T714I, severely reduced the cleavage, and identified secondary APP mutations that restored the cleavage of APP T714I. Some mutants were able to modulate Aβ production by changing the proportions of Aβ species when introduced into mammalian cells. Secondary mutations include proline and aspartate residues; proline mutations are thought to act through helical structural destabilization, while aspartate mutations are thought to promote interactions in the substrate binding pocket. Our results elucidate the APP cleavage mechanism and could facilitate drug discovery.

Keywords

• Alzheimer’s disease
• amyloid beta (Aβ)
• amyloid precursor protein (APP)
• gamma-secretase
• intramembrane proteolysis
• <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>