Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanoparticles Exhibit More Severe Toxicity to the Embryo/Larvae of Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) When Co-Exposed with Cetylpyridinium Chloride
Xuchun Qiu,
Lei Liu,
Wei Xu,
Chen Chen,
Ming Li,
Yanhong Shi,
Xiangyang Wu,
Kun Chen,
Chongchen Wang
Affiliations
Xuchun Qiu
Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Lei Liu
Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Wei Xu
Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Chen Chen
Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Ming Li
Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Yanhong Shi
Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Xiangyang Wu
Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Kun Chen
Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Chongchen Wang
Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
The combined application of nanoparticles and surfactants has attracted tremendous attention in basic research and industry. However, knowledge of their combined toxicity remains scarce. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC, a cationic surfactant, at 0 and 20 μg/L), zeolitic imidazolate framework nanoparticles (ZIF-NPs, at 0, 30, and 60 mg/L), and their mixtures until 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). Within the used concentration range, both single and combined exposures exhibited limited effects on the survival and hatching of zebrafish. However, the combined exposure of ZIF-NPs and CPC caused more severe effects on the heart rate at both 48 and 72 hpf. The combined exposure also induced significant hyperactivity (i.e., increasing the average swimming velocity) and oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae (at 120 hpf), although all single exposure treatments exhibited limited impacts. Furthermore, the level of reactive oxygen species (or malondialdehyde) exhibited a significantly positive correlation with the heart rate (or average swimming velocity) of zebrafish, suggesting that oxidative stress plays a role in mediating the combined toxicity of CPC and ZIF-NPs to zebrafish. Our findings suggest that the interaction of CPC and ZIF-NPs should not be ignored when assessing the potential risks of their mixtures.
