Медицинский совет (Mar 2020)
Diagnosis of osteoporosis at an early age
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the significant problems of pediatrics, due to numerous factors and the high prevalence of this pathology, the characteristics of the onset of diseases in childhood, as well as the need for early changes in bone mineral density to prevent fractures. Of particular interest are new technologies for assessing the main indicators of phosphorus-calcium metabolism and metabolism in bone tissue and their lack of information in routine clinical practice.The purpose of this publication is to present generalized data on clinical and laboratory parameters and early detection of osteoporosis in children and adolescents.Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic disease of the skeleton, characterized by a decrease in bone mass, microstructural remodeling of bone tissue, increased fragility and fragility. Depending on the pathogenetic mechanism, two types of diseases are distinguished: primary (without concomitant pathology or medications that adversely affect bone metabolism) and secondary (endocrine, nutritional, iatrogenic, etc.). The main diseases should be considered a violation of the balance between bone resorption and osteosynthesis, when it can occur for a long time latently and often manifests itself accidentally during an X-ray examination in connection with another somatic pathology.The clinical manifestations of osteoporosis in children are conditionally divided into 2 groups - extra-bone (tissue calcium deficiency) and bone (decreased mineralization and impaired bone architectonics).The review presents diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis based on osteodensitometry (determination of bone mineral density), analysis of markers of bone metabolism (exposure to osteoclasts and osteoblasts), assessment of mineral metabolism (calcium and phosphorus in the blood, urinary excretion), and additional research methods (provision with vitamin D, hormonal status, molecular genetic studies, x-ray imaging, etc.).Special attention is paid to the importance of the anamnesis based on special questionnaires, according to which calcium deficiency can be identified and risk groups for violation of bone mineralization can be identified.The publications indicate the main laboratory and instrumental markers of osteoporosis in children with a change in the Z-criterion of more than 2 SD (according to osteodensitometry), the level of biochemical parameters of bone resorption and formation (c-terminal-telopeptide, hydroxyproline, osteocalcin, acid alkaline phosphatase), etc.), increased excretion of calcium in urine.
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