Comparative Evaluation of Technologies at a Heavy Metal Contaminated Site: The Role of Feasibility Studies

Abstract

Many agricultural areas are contaminated by heavy metals to such a level that the growth of plants is drastically reduced. Based on the site’s specific characteristics, feasibility studies were carried out to choose the most effective technologies. Feasibility tests showed that soil washing and phytoremediation technologies could be used at the agricultural site under study. The efficiency of the technologies is highly dependent on soil characteristics, which determine the chemical form of the metals. The results indicate that water-based soil washing can be successfully used with the possibility of reaching the remediation objectives quickly. However, the technology in the first step essentially breaks down the soil. Moreover, phytoremediation cannot be used directly to overcome the toxicity derived from the very high bioavailability of the heavy metals. Still, there is the need to use “assisted” phytoremediation by adding compost that reduces metal bioavailability, allowing phytoextraction. In this case, a longer time is needed to reach the remediation target. The results provide a preliminary scenario for decision-makers and stakeholders to assess possible technologies applicable and a possible scheme to be applied in similar cases of polluted agricultural areas.

Keywords

• heavy metals
• phytoremediation
• soil remediation
• sustainable remediation
• soil washing
• bioavailability