ADME, Pharmacokinetic Scaling, Pharmacodynamic and Prediction of Human Dose and Regimen of Novel Antiviral Drugs

Abstract

The search for new drugs is an extremely time-consuming and expensive endeavour. Much of that time and money go into generating predictive human pharmacokinetic profiles from preclinical efficacy and safety animal data. These pharmacokinetic profiles are used to prioritize or minimize the attrition at later stages of the drug discovery process. In the area of antiviral drug research, these pharmacokinetic profiles are equally important for the optimization, estimation of half-life, determination of effective dose, and dosing regimen, in humans. In this article we have highlighted three important aspects of these profiles. First, the impact of plasma protein binding on two primary pharmacokinetic parameters—volume of distribution and clearance. Second, interdependence of primary parameters on unbound fraction of the drug. Third, the ability to extrapolate human pharmacokinetic parameters and concentration time profiles from animal profiles.

Keywords

• ADME
• allometric scaling
• pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics
• human dose extrapolation
• physiological time