The Many Faces of Itraconazole Cardiac Toxicity

Abstract

Itraconazole is well known for carrying a black-box warning for new or worsening congestive heart failure. Single cases of other cardiac- and fluid-related disturbances have been reported periodically since its issuance. We describe a large cohort of patients on itraconazole experiencing a breadth of cardiac- and fluid-related toxicities, ranging from new-onset hypertension to cardiac arrest. A retrospective, single-center, large case series at a large tertiary medical center was conducted. Patients with itraconazole and cardiac toxicity—including hypertension, cardiomyopathy, reduced ejection fraction, and edema—in medical record between January 1, 1999, and May 21, 2019, were identified and assigned a Naranjo score; 31 patients were included with a Naranjo score of 5 or higher. There were slightly more male subjects than female subjects, average age was 66, and all subjects were Caucasian. Median time until presentation of adverse effects was 4 weeks (range: 0.3 to 104 weeks). Most common symptom was edema (74% of patients), followed by heart failure without and with preserved ejection fraction (19.4% and 22.6% of patients, respectively). Worsening or new hypertension was also common (25.8% of patients). Rarer were pulmonary edema, pericardial effusion, and cardiac arrest that occurred in 1 patient. In most cases, clinicians stopped itraconazole (74%) or decreased itraconazole dose (19%), resulting in improvement or resolution of symptoms. In 4 cases, the adverse effect did not resolve. Itraconazole can cause a range of possible serious cardiac and fluid-associated adverse events. Dose decrease or cessation usually resulted in symptomatic improvement or reversal.