Modulation of immune cum inflammatory pathway by earthworm granulation tissue extract in wound healing of diabetic rabbit model
Ahmed M. E. Elkhalifa,
Sofi Imtiyaz Ali,
Showkat Ul Nabi,
Imran Bashir,
Syed Taifa,
Rabia Rakhshan,
Iqra Hussain Shah,
Muzafar Ahmad Mir,
Masood Malik,
Zahid Ramzan,
Mehak Nazar,
Nusrat Bashir,
Shubeena Ahad,
Ibraq Khursheed,
Elham Elamin,
Elsharif A. Bazie,
Nasser A.N. Alzerwi,
Musaed Rayzah,
Bandar Idrees,
Fares Rayzah,
Yaser Baksh,
Afnan Alsultan,
Ahmed M. Alzahrani
Affiliations
Ahmed M. E. Elkhalifa
Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, 11673, Saudi Arabia; Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan
Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India; Corresponding author.
Showkat Ul Nabi
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India; Corresponding author.
Imran Bashir
Department of Sheep Husbandry, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190006, India
Syed Taifa
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Rabia Rakhshan
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190006, India
Iqra Hussain Shah
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Muzafar Ahmad Mir
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Masood Malik
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Zahid Ramzan
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Mehak Nazar
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Nusrat Bashir
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Shubeena Ahad
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Ibraq Khursheed
Department of Zoology, Central University of Kashmir, 191201, Nunar, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Elham Elamin
Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan
Elsharif A. Bazie
Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan
Nasser A.N. Alzerwi
Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, P. O. Box 66, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Musaed Rayzah
Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, P. O. Box 66, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Bandar Idrees
Department of Surgery, Prince Sultan Military Medical City in Riyadh, Makkah Al Mukarramah Rd, As Sulimaniyah, Saudi Arabia
Fares Rayzah
Department of Surgery, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia
Yaser Baksh
Department of Surgery, Al-Iman General Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Afnan Alsultan
Department of Surgery, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed M. Alzahrani
Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, P. O. Box 66, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Regeneration is a rare occurrence in the animal kingdom, but the earthworm stands out as a remarkable example of this phenomenon. Recent research has highlighted the promising wound healing properties of extracts derived from earthworms. Therefore, we propose that earthworm granulation tissue extract (EGTE) may facilitate wound healing by regulating immune responses in a rabbit diabetic wound model. Electron microscopy reveals that 70 % EGTE possesses noteworthy porosity with spherical to irregularly oval configuration. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) Characterization of EGTE revealed higher levels of ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3. beta.,22E). In-Vitro studies revealed significant anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties in dose dependent manner. Likewise, cytotoxicity assessments reveal that 70 % EGTE exhibits minimal harm to cells while displaying substantial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. For In-Vivo studies excision wounds were created on the dorsal regions of the experimental animals and were divided as Group I (50 % EGTE), Group II (70 % EGTE), Group III (vehicle) and Group IV (distilled water). Over a 21-day observation period 70 % EGTE facilitated the early healing of wounds in the experimental animals, evident through prompt wound closure, granulation tissue formation, increased DNA content, enhanced tensile strength of the wound area and enhanced the expression/synthesis of wound healing markers/proteins. From these results it can be postulated that EGTE accelerates wound healing by immune modulation, dampening of inflammatory pathway and enhanced expression of growth markers. Henceforth making it promising candidate for therapeutic use in diabetic wound healing.
