A Comprehensive Review of the Physical Examination for the Biceps-Labrum Complex of the Shoulder

Abstract

Biceps-labrum complex (BLC) disease is a well-established pain generator in the shoulder. Despite its ubiquity, BLC disease continues to pose a diagnostic challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. The use of magnetic resonance imaging and glenohumeral arthroscopy in the diagnosis of BLC disease has proven to be inadequate when performed independently. As a result, physical examination remains a critical component in the evaluation of BLC disease. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive compendium of physical examination maneuvers in the evaluation of BLC disease.