Biomolecules (Oct 2024)
The Roles of Mitochondria in Human Being’s Life and Aging
- Hiroko P. Indo,
- Moragot Chatatikun,
- Ikuo Nakanishi,
- Ken-ichiro Matsumoto,
- Motoki Imai,
- Fumitaka Kawakami,
- Makoto Kubo,
- Hiroshi Abe,
- Hiroshi Ichikawa,
- Yoshikazu Yonei,
- Hisashi J. Beppu,
- Yukiko Minamiyama,
- Takuro Kanekura,
- Takafumi Ichikawa,
- Atthaphong Phongphithakchai,
- Lunla Udomwech,
- Suriyan Sukati,
- Nurdina Charong,
- Voravuth Somsak,
- Jitbanjong Tangpong,
- Sachiyo Nomura,
- Hideyuki J. Majima
Affiliations
- Hiroko P. Indo
- Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City 890-8544, Japan
- Moragot Chatatikun
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala 80161, Thailand
- Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Team, Quantum Life Spin Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Ken-ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Motoki Imai
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
- Fumitaka Kawakami
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
- Makoto Kubo
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
- Hiroshi Abe
- Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City 890-8544, Japan
- Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshishia University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
- Yoshikazu Yonei
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center and Glycation Stress Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
- Hisashi J. Beppu
- Dr. Beppu’s Oral Health Care & Anti-Aging Clinic, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
- Yukiko Minamiyama
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Takafumi Ichikawa
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
- Atthaphong Phongphithakchai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Lunla Udomwech
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Thasala 80161, Thailand
- Suriyan Sukati
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala 80161, Thailand
- Nurdina Charong
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala 80161, Thailand
- Voravuth Somsak
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala 80161, Thailand
- Jitbanjong Tangpong
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala 80161, Thailand
- Sachiyo Nomura
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Hideyuki J. Majima
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala 80161, Thailand
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14101317
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 14,
no. 10
p. 1317
Abstract
The universe began 13.8 billion years ago, and Earth was born 4.6 billion years ago. Early traces of life were found as soon as 4.1 billion years ago; then, ~200,000 years ago, the human being was born. The evolution of life on earth was to become individual rather than cellular life. The birth of mitochondria made this possible to be the individual life. Since then, individuals have had a limited time of life. It was 1.4 billion years ago that a bacterial cell began living inside an archaeal host cell, a form of endosymbiosis that is the development of eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments. The bacterium started to provide its host cell with additional energy, and the interaction eventually resulted in a eukaryotic cell, with both archaeal (the host cell) and bacterial (mitochondrial) origins still having genomes. The cells survived high concentrations of oxygen producing more energy inside the cell. Further, the roles of mitochondria in human being’s life and aging will be discussed.
Keywords
