Optimal control and cost effectiveness analysis of a Zika–Malaria co-infection model

Abstract

Malaria and Zika, are two significant public health concerns, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The co-infection of Malaria and Zika can occur due to overlapping geographical distributions of their respective vectors, namely Anopheles mosquitoes for Malaria and Aedes mosquitoes for Zika. These mosquitoes serve as intermediate hosts for the parasites and viruses, respectively. The proposed mathematical models capture the complex interactions between the human population and the mosquito population to provide insights into the transmission dynamics. The primary transmission route to humans is through the bite of infected mosquitoes for both diseases. Moreover, Zika virus can be also transmitted sexually and vertically. The models provide a valuable tool for evaluating the impact of different interventions on the transmission dynamics of Malaria and Zika co-infection such as prevention schemes against co-infection with Malaria and Zika, prompt Malaria treatment, and effective mosquito control measures. Using Pontryagin’s maximum principle, the model determines the most effective strategies for reducing Malaria and Zika co-infection over time. By combining modeling with cost-effectiveness analysis and targeted interventions, it is possible to develop evidence-based approaches that reduce disease transmission, protect vulnerable populations, and make efficient use of available resources.

Keywords

• Zika
• Malaria
• Optimal control
• Cost effectiveness analysis
• Sensitivity analysis