Association between indoor environmental risk factors and pneumonia among preschool children in Urumqi：A case-control study
Chong Zhao,
Li Wang,
Xiaohui Xi,
Enhong Dong,
Xiaolan Wang,
Yingxia Wang,
Jian Yao,
Jinyang Wang,
Xiaojuan Nie,
Jianhua Zhang,
Haonan Shi,
Ye Yang,
Peng Zhang,
Tingting Wang
Affiliations
Chong Zhao
Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
Li Wang
Public Management Office of the School of Humanities and Management, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
Xiaohui Xi
Department of Pediatric, Urumqi Friendship Hospital, Urumqi, 830049, China
Enhong Dong
School of Nursing & Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
Xiaolan Wang
School of Nursing & Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
Yingxia Wang
School of Nursing & Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
Jian Yao
School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China
Jinyang Wang
Department of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China
Xiaojuan Nie
Department of Pediatric, Urumqi Friendship Hospital, Urumqi, 830049, China
Jianhua Zhang
Department of Pediatric, Urumqi Friendship Hospital, Urumqi, 830049, China
Haonan Shi
School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China
Ye Yang
Department of Geriatrics and Cadre Ward, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830063, China; Corresponding author. Ye Yang, Department of Geriatrics and Cadre Ward, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.38, North 2nd Lane, Nanhu East Road, Shuimogou District, Urumqi, 830063, China.
Peng Zhang
School of Management, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China; Corresponding author. Peng Zhang, School of Management, Hainan Medical University, No.3, Longhua Road, Longhua District, Haikou, 571199, China.
Tingting Wang
School of Nursing & Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China; Corresponding author. Tingting Wang School of Nursing & Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, No.279, Zhouzhu Highway, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China.
Background: Pediatric pneumonia presents a significant global health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of pneumonia in preschool children in Urumqi and its association with indoor environmental factors. Methods: This case-control study collected data from December 2018 to December 2019 on 1522 preschool children in Urumqi (779 boys and 743 girls) who were diagnosed with pneumonia by a physician. A control group of children who had never had pneumonia was matched in a 1:1 ratio based on gender, age, and ethnicity. Using questionnaires, data were collected on children's general characteristics, passive smoking, types of housing, flooring materials, and indoor dampness, analyzing potential factors associated with the incidence of pediatric pneumonia. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that cesarean birth (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27; 95 % confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.08–1.48), being an only child (OR = 1.32; 95%CI = 1.13–1.55), antibiotic treatment during the first year of life (OR = 2.51; 95%CI = 1.98–3.19), passive smoking during the mother's pregnancy (OR = 1.62; 95%CI = 1.24–2.13), living in multi-family apartment housing (OR = 1.64; 95%CI = 1.28–2.10) and other types of housing (OR = 1.47; 95%CI = 1.09–1.99), laminate flooring (OR = 1.31; 95%CI = 1.01–1.72), and tile/stone/cement flooring flooring (OR = 1.31; 95%CI = 1.06–1.61), and dampness in dwelling (during first year of mother's pregnancy) (OR = 1.30; 95%CI = 1.04–1.63) were risk factors for pediatric pneumonia. The use of fresh air filtration systems in children's residences (OR = 0.66; 95%CI = 0.50–0.86) was identified as a protective factor. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of indoor environmental factors in the prevention of pediatric pneumonia. Public health strategies should consider these factors to reduce the incidence of pneumonia in children. Future research needs to be conducted over a broader geographical range and consider a more comprehensive range of factors influencing pediatric pneumonia.
