Improving posttraumatic stress disorder assessment in young children: comparing measures and identifying clinically-relevant symptoms in children ages six and under

Abstract

Abstract Young children exposed to trauma are vulnerable to developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although experts agree on the importance of tailoring PTSD assessments to be developmentally-appropriate for young children, there is little research on which assessment methods best identify clinically significant symptomatology in this difficult-to-assess population. Two competing models for assessing PTSD have been proposed by the DSM-5 and ICD-11. This study compared a DSM-5 measure to an ICD-11 measure in young children (ages 1–6) exposed to a natural disaster. The measures identified similar rates of PTSD in children; however, diagnostic agreement between the measures was low (31–36%). Both PTSD measures were associated with actual and perceived life threat, functional impairment, and comorbid psychopathology. PTSD symptom and cluster endorsement rates were also binned by age and compared to functional impairment to identify commonly-reported and highly impairing symptoms in trauma-exposed young children, as potential candidates for inclusion in future revisions of diagnostic criteria. Across age ranges, increased clinginess post-trauma was the most commonly reported symptom and was associated with functional impairment. Arousal symptoms (startle, hypervigilance) and Re-experiencing symptoms (nightmares) also emerged as relevant for young children. Findings may contribute to efforts to improve assessment for PTSD in young children.