Targeting GD2-Positive Tumor Cells by Pegylated scFv Fragment–Drug Conjugates Carrying Maytansinoids DM1 and DM4

Abstract

Oligomerization of antibody fragments via modification with polyethylene glycol (pegylation) may alter their function and properties, leading to a multivalent interaction of the resulting constructs with the target antigen. In a recent study, we generated pegylated monomers and multimers of scFv fragments of GD2-specific antibodies using maleimide–thiol chemistry. Multimerization enhanced the antigen-binding properties and demonstrated a more efficient tumor uptake in a syngeneic GD2-positive mouse cancer model compared to monomeric antibody fragments, thereby providing a rationale for improving the therapeutic characteristics of GD2-specific antibody fragments. In this work, we obtained pegylated conjugates of scFv fragments of GD2-specific antibodies with maytansinoids DM1 or DM4 using tetravalent PEG-maleimide (PEG4). The protein products from the two-stage thiol–maleimide reaction resolved by gel electrophoresis indicated that pegylated scFv fragments constituted the predominant part of the protein bands, and most of the scFv formed pegylated monomers and dimers. The conjugates retained the ability to bind ganglioside GD2 comparable to that of the parental scFv fragment and to specifically interact with GD2-positive cells. Both induced significant inhibitory effects in the GD2-positive B78-D14 cell line, in contrast to the GD2-negative B16 cell line. The decrease in the B78-D14 cell viability when treated with scFv-PEG4-DM4 was more prominent than that for scFv-PEG4-DM1, and was characterized by a twofold lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Unlike the parental scFv fragment, the product of scFv and PEG4 conjugation (scFv–PEG4), consisting predominantly of pegylated scFv multimers and monomers, induced direct cell death in the GD2-positive B78-D14 cells. However, the potency of scFv–PEG4 was low in the selected concentration range, thus demonstrating that the cytotoxic effect of DM1 and DM4 within the antibody fragment–drug conjugates was primary. The suggested approach may contribute to development of novel configurations of antibody fragment–drug conjugates for cancer treatment.

Keywords

• antibody fragments
• ganglioside GD2
• pegylation
• multimerization
• maytansinoids
• immunotherapy