Enhancing Air Quality Index Activity Guidelines for Preventing Cardiovascular Events in the General Adult Population

Abstract

Background: The public health relevance of daily Air Quality Index (AQI) activity guidelines for the general adult public in the United States to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events is questionable. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to explore the utility of a policy tailoring activity guidance to calculated ASCVD risk rather than uniform recommendations to the general adult public as currently provided. Methods: We calculated the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one ASCVD event per day by following activity recommendations across 10-year ASCVD risk scores (1% to 20%). Second, we modeled the benefits of tailoring recommendations to ASCVD risk. Results: The NNT decreased as ASCVD risk and/or AQI levels increased. At AQIs up to 151 (68% of days with AQIs above moderate in the United States), the NNTs remained untenably high (>2.7-55.3 million) across ASCVD risk. Under unhealthy conditions (AQIs 151-200), 28% of elevated AQIs, NNTs <1 million could be achieved by current guidance (15% exposure reduction), but only among the highest-risk individuals (ASCVD 18% to 20%) on the most polluted days (AQIs 192-200). Tailoring guidance to ASCVD risk could yield NNTs <1 million at risk thresholds of 7.5% and 10% if activity restrictions were more stringent (35% to 50% exposure reductions) during unhealthy conditions. Conclusions: ASCVD risk has a major influence on the NNT to prevent cardiovascular events by following AQI guidance. It may be possible for a future policy to improve the utility of AQI activity guidance for the general adult public by tailoring activity recommendations to ASCVD risk.

Keywords

• air pollution
• fine particulate matter
• heart disease
• policy
• prevention
• public health