Crystals (Nov 2024)

Cr<sup>3+</sup> Doping Effects on Structural, Optical, and Morphological Characteristics of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Nanoparticles and Their Bioactive Behavior

  • Efracio Mamani Flores,
  • Bertha Silvana Vera Barrios,
  • Julio César Huillca Huillca,
  • Jesús Alfredo Chacaltana García,
  • Carlos Armando Polo Bravo,
  • Henry Edgardo Nina Mendoza,
  • Alberto Bacilio Quispe Cohaila,
  • Francisco Gamarra Gómez,
  • Rocío María Tamayo Calderón,
  • Gabriela de Lourdes Fora Quispe,
  • Elisban Juani Sacari Sacari

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110998
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 14, no. 11
p. 998

Abstract

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This study investigates the effects of chromium (Cr3+) doping on BaTiO3 nanoparticles synthesized via the sol–gel route. X-ray diffraction confirms a Cr-induced cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition, with lattice parameters and crystallite size varying systematically with Cr3+ content. UV–visible spectroscopy reveals a monotonic decrease in bandgap energy from 3.168 eV (pure BaTiO3) to 2.604 eV (5% Cr3+-doped BaTiO3). Raman and FTIR spectroscopy elucidate structural distortions and vibrational mode alterations caused by Cr3+ incorporation. Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy verify nanoscale morphology and successful Cr3+ doping (up to 1.64 atom%). Antioxidant activity, evaluated using the DPPH assay, shows stable radical scavenging for pure BaTiO3 (40.70–43.33%), with decreased activity at higher Cr3+ doping levels. Antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli peaks at 0.5% Cr3+ doping (10.569 mm inhibition zone at 1.5 mg/mL), decreasing at higher concentrations. This study demonstrates the tunability of structural, optical, and bioactive properties in Cr3+-doped BaTiO3 nanoparticles, highlighting their potential as multifunctional materials for electronics, photocatalysis, and biomedical applications.

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