SARS-CoV-2 infection with lytic and non-lytic immune responses: A fractional order optimal control theoretical study

Abstract

In this research article, we establish a fractional-order mathematical model to explore the infections of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. We introduce a set of fractional differential equations taking uninfected epithelial cells, infected epithelial cells, SARS-CoV-2 virus, and CTL response cell accounting for the lytic and non-lytic effects of immune responses. We also include the effect of a commonly used antiviral drug in COVID-19 treatment in an optimal control-theoretic approach. The stability of the equilibria of the fractional ordered system using qualitative theory. Numerical simulations are presented using an iterative scheme in Matlab in support of the analytical results.

Keywords

• SARS-CoV-2
• Lytic and nonlytic effect
• Mathematical model
• Fractional calculus
• Optimal control