Oxidative Stress in Human Pathology and Aging: Molecular Mechanisms and Perspectives
Younis Ahmad Hajam,
Raksha Rani,
Shahid Yousuf Ganie,
Tariq Ahmad Sheikh,
Darakhshan Javaid,
Syed Sanober Qadri,
Sreepoorna Pramodh,
Ahmad Alsulimani,
Mustfa F. Alkhanani,
Steve Harakeh,
Arif Hussain,
Shafiul Haque,
Mohd Salim Reshi
Affiliations
Younis Ahmad Hajam
Department of Biosciences, Division Zoology, Career Point University, Hamirpur 176041, India
Raksha Rani
Department of Biosciences, Division Zoology, Career Point University, Hamirpur 176041, India
Shahid Yousuf Ganie
Toxicology and Pharmocology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India
Tariq Ahmad Sheikh
Toxicology and Pharmocology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India
Darakhshan Javaid
Toxicology and Pharmocology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India
Syed Sanober Qadri
Toxicology and Pharmocology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India
Sreepoorna Pramodh
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College Natural & Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai P.O. Box 19282, United Arab Emirates
Ahmad Alsulimani
Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Mustfa F. Alkhanani
Emergency Service Department, College of Applied Sciences, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
Steve Harakeh
King Fahd Medical Research Center, and Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Arif Hussain
School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai P.O. Box 345050, United Arab Emirates
Shafiul Haque
Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Mohd Salim Reshi
Toxicology and Pharmocology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous and exogenous processes; however, they are neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. An imbalance between the generation and neutralization of oxidants results in the progression to oxidative stress (OS), which in turn gives rise to various diseases, disorders and aging. The characteristics of aging include the progressive loss of function in tissues and organs. The theory of aging explains that age-related functional losses are due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their subsequent damages and tissue deformities. Moreover, the diseases and disorders caused by OS include cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. OS, induced by ROS, is neutralized by different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and prevents cells, tissues and organs from damage. However, prolonged OS decreases the content of antioxidant status of cells by reducing the activities of reductants and antioxidative enzymes and gives rise to different pathological conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to discuss the mechanism of ROS-induced OS signaling and their age-associated complications mediated through their toxic manifestations in order to devise effective preventive and curative natural therapeutic remedies.
