Two-Stage Oxidative Leaching of Low-Grade Copper–Zinc Sulfide Concentrate

Abstract

Bioleaching may be effectively used to extract nonferrous metals from sulfide ores and concentrates. At the same time, some minerals are refractory and their bioleaching rate is often comparatively low that does not allow the required metal extraction rate to be achieved. In the present work, we studied the two-stage process, which included stages of biological and chemical leaching, to improve copper extraction from low grade Cu–Zn sulfide concentrate containing chalcopyrite, tennantite, pyrite, and sphalerite. Bioleaching was conducted in the continuous mode in three laboratory scale reactors connected in series. The pulp density was 10% and the residence time was 7 days. The temperature was 40 °C in the 1st reactor and 50 °C in the 2nd and 3rd reactors. Bioleaching allowed the extraction of 29.5 and 78% of Cu and Zn, respectively. The solid bioleach residue obtained was then treated for additional Cu and Zn recovery using high temperature leaching at 90 °C for 25 h. The liquid phase of the bioleaching pulp contained Fe3+ ions, which is the strong oxidant, and the leach solution was supplemented with NaCl. In the presence of the maximal NaCl concentration (1 M), Cu and Zn extraction reached 48 and 84%. Thus, two-stage leaching may allow to increase bioleaching efficiency and may be used to improve the bioleaching rate of refractory minerals, such as chalcopyrite.

Keywords

• bioleaching
• ferric leaching
• chloride leaching
• chalcopyrite
• tennantite
• sphalerite