Crystallization- and Metal-Driven Selection of Discrete Macrocycles/Cages and Their Metallosupramolecular Polymers from Dynamic Systemic Networks

Abstract

Reversible imine- and metal-coordination reactions are dynamic enough to produce complex libraries of macrocycles, cages, and supramolecular polymers in solution, from which amplification effects have been identified in solution or during crystallization in response to ligand- and metal-driven selection modes. Crystallization-driven selection can lead to the amplification of unexpected metallosupramolecular architectures. The addition of Ag+ triggered the change of the optimal components, so that the crystallization process showed different ligand preferences than in solution. The most packed constituents are amplified in the solid state, taking into account the optimal coordination of metal ions together with non-specific non-covalent interactions between the macrocycle packed in dimers or trimers in the solid state.

Keywords

• supramolecular chemistry
• macrocycles
• cages
• dynamic chemistry
• crystallization