Frontiers in Marine Science (Apr 2019)
Globally Consistent Quantitative Observations of Planktonic Ecosystems
- Fabien Lombard,
- Fabien Lombard,
- Emmanuel Boss,
- Anya M. Waite,
- Meike Vogt,
- Julia Uitz,
- Lars Stemmann,
- Heidi M. Sosik,
- Jan Schulz,
- Jean-Baptiste Romagnan,
- Marc Picheral,
- Jay Pearlman,
- Mark D. Ohman,
- Barbara Niehoff,
- Klas O. Möller,
- Patricia Miloslavich,
- Patricia Miloslavich,
- Ana Lara-Lpez,
- Raphael Kudela,
- Rubens M. Lopes,
- Rainer Kiko,
- Lee Karp-Boss,
- Jules S. Jaffe,
- Morten H. Iversen,
- Morten H. Iversen,
- Jean-Olivier Irisson,
- Katja Fennel,
- Helena Hauss,
- Lionel Guidi,
- Gaby Gorsky,
- Sarah L. C. Giering,
- Peter Gaube,
- Scott Gallager,
- George Dubelaar,
- Robert K. Cowen,
- François Carlotti,
- Christian Briseño-Avena,
- Léo Berline,
- Kelly Benoit-Bird,
- Nicholas Bax,
- Nicholas Bax,
- Sonia Batten,
- Sakina Dorothée Ayata,
- Sakina Dorothée Ayata,
- Luis Felipe Artigas,
- Ward Appeltans
Affiliations
- Fabien Lombard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Fabien Lombard
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Emmanuel Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Anya M. Waite
- Department of Oceanography, Ocean Frontier Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Meike Vogt
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Julia Uitz
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Lars Stemmann
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Heidi M. Sosik
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
- Jan Schulz
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Jean-Baptiste Romagnan
- Ifremer Centre Atlantique, Unité Écologie et Modéles pour l'Halieutique (EMH), Nantes, France
- Marc Picheral
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Jay Pearlman
- IEEE, Port Angeles, WA, United States
- Mark D. Ohman
- 0Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Barbara Niehoff
- 1Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Centre of Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Klas O. Möller
- 2Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
- Patricia Miloslavich
- 3Institute for Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Patricia Miloslavich
- 4Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
- Ana Lara-Lpez
- 3Institute for Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Raphael Kudela
- 5Department of Ocean Sciences, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
- Rubens M. Lopes
- 6Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rainer Kiko
- 7GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Lee Karp-Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Jules S. Jaffe
- 0Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Morten H. Iversen
- 1Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Centre of Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Morten H. Iversen
- 8MARUM and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Jean-Olivier Irisson
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Katja Fennel
- 9Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Helena Hauss
- 7GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Lionel Guidi
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Gaby Gorsky
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Sarah L. C. Giering
- 0Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Peter Gaube
- 1Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Scott Gallager
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
- George Dubelaar
- 2CytoBuoy b.v., Woerden, Netherlands
- Robert K. Cowen
- 3Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States
- François Carlotti
- 4CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Aix Marseille Univ., Universite de Toulon, Marseille, France
- Christian Briseño-Avena
- 3Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States
- Léo Berline
- 4CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Aix Marseille Univ., Universite de Toulon, Marseille, France
- Kelly Benoit-Bird
- 5Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, United States
- Nicholas Bax
- 3Institute for Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Nicholas Bax
- 6CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Sonia Batten
- 7The CPR Survey-MBA, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Sakina Dorothée Ayata
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Sakina Dorothée Ayata
- 8Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
- Luis Felipe Artigas
- 9Univ. Littoral Cote d'Opale, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Wimereux, France
- Ward Appeltans
- 0Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, IOC Project office for IODE, Oostende, Belgium
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00196
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 6
Abstract
In this paper we review the technologies available to make globally quantitative observations of particles in general—and plankton in particular—in the world oceans, and for sizes varying from sub-microns to centimeters. Some of these technologies have been available for years while others have only recently emerged. Use of these technologies is critical to improve understanding of the processes that control abundances, distributions and composition of plankton, provide data necessary to constrain and improve ecosystem and biogeochemical models, and forecast changes in marine ecosystems in light of climate change. In this paper we begin by providing the motivation for plankton observations, quantification and diversity qualification on a global scale. We then expand on the state-of-the-art, detailing a variety of relevant and (mostly) mature technologies and measurements, including bulk measurements of plankton, pigment composition, uses of genomic, optical and acoustical methods as well as analysis using particle counters, flow cytometers and quantitative imaging devices. We follow by highlighting the requirements necessary for a plankton observing system, the approach to achieve it and associated challenges. We conclude with ranked action-item recommendations for the next 10 years to move toward our vision of a holistic ocean-wide plankton observing system. Particularly, we suggest to begin with a demonstration project on a GO-SHIP line and/or a long-term observation site and expand from there, ensuring that issues associated with methods, observation tools, data analysis, quality assessment and curation are addressed early in the implementation. Global coordination is key for the success of this vision and will bring new insights on processes associated with nutrient regeneration, ocean production, fisheries and carbon sequestration.
Keywords