Effect of Process Parameters on Interfacial Bonding Properties of Aluminium–Copper Clad Sheet Processed by Multi-Pass Friction Stir-Welding Technique

Abstract

In this study, continuous multi-pass friction stir welding was used to clad dissimilar AA6061 aluminium (Al) and C2801P copper (Cu) alloy materials. The empirical relationships between three process parameters and two-factor responses of Al−Cu clad joints were evaluated. Mathematical models were generated using regression analysis to predict the variation in tensile shear and peel load of the cladded joints. The sufficiency of the developed model was validated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the multi-criterion optimisation of factor responses was carried out via the response surface method. Results showed the formation of mechanical interlocking at the cladded interface and the development of a thin metallurgical bonding layer consisting of Al alloy content (8−21%), which greatly affected the quality of the Al−Cu joint interface. Moreover, the increase in shoulder overlap ratio, welding speed and tool rotational speed improved the shear and peel strength up to a certain range before gradually declining. The optimised process parameters for the cladded Al−Cu were obtained at a rotational speed of 986 r/min, welding speed of 8.6 mm/min and shoulder overlap ratio of 35%. The cladded Al−Cu generated a shear strength of 5850 kPa and peel strength of 750 kPa with an overall desirability function of 0.94.

Keywords

• multi-pass friction stir welding
• cladding
• dissimilar material
• aluminium
• copper
• response surface method