Estimating the impact of influenza vaccination of low-risk 50–64-year-olds on acute and ICU hospital bed usage in an influenza season under endemic COVID-19 in the UK

Abstract

Co-circulation of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to place considerable strain on health-care services. We estimate the cost-effectiveness and health-care resource utilization impacts of influenza vaccination of low-risk 50–64-y-olds in the United Kingdom (UK) against a background SARS-CoV-2 circulation. A dynamic susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered model was used to simulate influenza transmission, with varying rates of vaccine coverage in the low-risk 50–64 y age-group. Four scenarios were evaluated: no vaccination (baseline), 40%, 50%, and 60% coverage. For the 50% and 60% coverage, this rate was also applied to high-risk 50–64-y-olds, whereas 48.6% was used for the baseline and 40% coverage scenarios. Cost-effectiveness was estimated in terms of humanistic outcomes and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), with discounting applied at 3%. Overall, influenza vaccination of 50–64-y-olds resulted in reductions in GP visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, with a reduction in influenza-related mortality of 34%, 41%, and 52% for 40%, 50%, and 60% coverage, respectively. All four scenarios resulted in acute and intensive care unit (ICU) bed occupancy levels above available capacity, although vaccination of low-risk 50–64-y-olds resulted in a 35–54% and 16–25% decrease in excess acute and ICU bed requirements, respectively. Vaccination of this group against influenza was highly cost-effective from the payer perspective, with ICERs of £2,200–£2,343/quality-adjusted life year across the coverage rates evaluated. In conclusion, in the UK, vaccination of low-risk 50–64-y-olds against influenza is cost-effective and can aid in alleviating bed shortages in a situation where influenza and SARS-CoV-2 are co-circulating.

Keywords

• covid-19
• influenza vaccine
• hospital bed occupancy
• icu
• vaccine coverage
• icer