Optimization of a New Antioxidant Formulation Using a Simplex Lattice Mixture Design of <i>Apium graveolens</i> L., <i>Coriandrum sativum</i> L., and <i>Petroselinum crispum</i> M. Grown in Northern Morocco
Ghizlane Nouioura,
Meryem Tourabi,
Asmae El Ghouizi,
Mohammed Kara,
Amine Assouguem,
Asmaa Saleh,
Omkulthom Al Kamaly,
Faiçal El Ouadrhiri,
Badiaa Lyoussi,
El Houssine Derwich
Affiliations
Ghizlane Nouioura
Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El-Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
Meryem Tourabi
Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El-Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
Asmae El Ghouizi
Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El-Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
Mohammed Kara
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorisation of Natural Resources (LBCVNR), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
Amine Assouguem
Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, Fez 30000, Morocco
Asmaa Saleh
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
Omkulthom Al Kamaly
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
Faiçal El Ouadrhiri
Laboratory of Engineering, Molecular Organometallic Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
Badiaa Lyoussi
Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El-Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
El Houssine Derwich
Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El-Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
A statistical Simplex Lattice Mixture design was applied to develop a new formulation based on a combination of three plants grown in northern Morocco: Apium graveolens L., Coriandrum sativum L., and Petroselinum crispum M. We examined the extraction yield, total polyphenol content (TPC), 2′2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results of this screening study showed that C. sativum L. had the highest content of DPPH (53.22%) and TAC (37.46 ± 0.29 mg Eq AA/g DW) compared to the other two plants, while P. crispum M. showed the highest TPC (18.52 ± 0.32 mg Eq GA/g DW). Furthermore, the ANOVA analysis of the mixture design showed that all three responses (DPPH, TAC, and TPC) were statistically significant, with determination coefficients of 97%, 93%, and 91%, respectively, and fit the cubic model. Moreover, the diagnostic plots showed good correlation between the experimental and predicted values. Therefore, the best combination obtained under optimal conditions (P1 = 0.611, P2 = 0.289, P3 = 0.100) was characterized by DPPH, TAC, and TPC of 56.21%, 72.74 mg Eq AA/g DW, and 21.98 mg Eq GA/g DW, respectively. The results of this study reinforce the view of stimulating the effect of plant combinations to achieve better antioxidant activities, thus providing a better formulation using designs of mixtures for the food industry and in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, our findings support the traditional use of the Apiaceae plant species in managing many disorders cited in the Moroccan pharmacopeia.
