Natural Polymeric Composites Derived from Animals, Plants, and Microbes for Vaccine Delivery and Adjuvant Applications: A Review
Abu Hassan Nordin,
Siti Muhamad Nur Husna,
Zuliahani Ahmad,
Muhammad Luqman Nordin,
Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas,
Ahmad Khusairi Azemi,
Noraznawati Ismail,
Nordin Hawa Siti,
Norzita Ngadi,
Mohammad Saifulddin Mohd Azami,
Abdin Shakirin Mohamad Norpi,
Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan,
Abdinasir Yusuf Osman,
Dyah Ayu Oktavianie A. Pratama,
Walid Nabgan,
Rumaizi Shaari
Affiliations
Abu Hassan Nordin
Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Siti Muhamad Nur Husna
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Zuliahani Ahmad
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Muhammad Luqman Nordin
Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia
Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Ahmad Khusairi Azemi
Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
Noraznawati Ismail
Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
Nordin Hawa Siti
Pharmacology Unit, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Terengganu, Malaysia
Norzita Ngadi
Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Mohammad Saifulddin Mohd Azami
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Abdin Shakirin Mohamad Norpi
Faculty Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia
Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan
Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia
Abdinasir Yusuf Osman
The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK
Dyah Ayu Oktavianie A. Pratama
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Kota Malang 65145, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Walid Nabgan
Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
Rumaizi Shaari
Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia
A key element in ensuring successful immunization is the efficient delivery of vaccines. However, poor immunogenicity and adverse inflammatory immunogenic reactions make the establishment of an efficient vaccine delivery method a challenging task. The delivery of vaccines has been performed via a variety of delivery methods, including natural-polymer-based carriers that are relatively biocompatible and have low toxicity. The incorporation of adjuvants or antigens into biomaterial-based immunizations has demonstrated better immune response than formulations that just contain the antigen. This system may enable antigen-mediated immunogenicity and shelter and transport the cargo vaccine or antigen to the appropriate target organ. In this regard, this work reviews the recent applications of natural polymer composites from different sources, such as animals, plants, and microbes, in vaccine delivery systems.
