The antimicrobial resistance landscape of slaughterhouses in western Kenya: A microbiological case study
Katie A. Hamilton,
Sam M. Njoroge,
Kelvin Momanyi,
Maurice K. Murungi,
Christian O. Odinga,
Nicholas Bor,
Allan Ogendo,
Josiah Odaba,
Joseph G. Ogola,
Eric M. Fèvre,
Laura C. Falzon
Affiliations
Katie A. Hamilton
Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Corresponding author at: University of Liverpool and International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya.
Sam M. Njoroge
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
Kelvin Momanyi
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Maurice K. Murungi
Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Christian O. Odinga
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Nicholas Bor
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Allan Ogendo
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Directorate of Veterinary Services, County Government of Busia, P.O. Box 261-50400, Busia, Kenya
Josiah Odaba
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Joseph G. Ogola
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Directorate of Veterinary Services, County Government of Bungoma, P.O. Box 135-50200, Bungoma, Kenya
Eric M. Fèvre
Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Laura C. Falzon
Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Slaughterhouses may be hotspots for the transmission of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) pathogens. To obtain information on the AMR landscape in Kenyan slaughterhouses, we collected swabs of the environment, animal carcasses, and workers. Bacterial isolates were identified in 101/193 (52.3 %) samples, and most showed resistance to streptomycin (68.7 %), ampicillin (48.7 %), and tetracycline (42.5 %). Multi drug resistance was exhibited by 35/80 isolates (43.8 %; 95 % CI: 33.2–54.9 %), while Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase was expressed in 5/80 isolates (6.3 %; 95 % CI: 2.6–14.3 %). These findings illustrate the presence of resistant bacteria throughout the slaughterhouse environment, posing a risk to workers and meat consumers and highlighting the need for an integrated surveillance system along the food chain.
