Tropical Medicine and Health (Aug 2022)

Outbreak of cutaneous anthrax associated with handling meat of dead cows in Southwestern Uganda, May 2018

  • Angella Musewa,
  • Bernadette Basuta Mirembe,
  • Fred Monje,
  • Doreen Birungi,
  • Carol Nanziri,
  • Freda Loy Aceng,
  • Steven N. Kabwama,
  • Benon Kwesiga,
  • Deo Birungi Ndumu,
  • Luke Nyakarahuka,
  • Joshua Buule,
  • Caitlin M. Cossaboom,
  • David Lowe,
  • Cari B. Kolton,
  • Chung K. Marston,
  • Robyn A. Stoddard,
  • Alex R. Hoffmaster,
  • Alex Riolexus Ario,
  • Bao-Ping Zhu

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-022-00445-0
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 50, no. 1
pp. 1 – 8

Abstract

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Abstract Background Anthrax is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Humans acquire cutaneous infection through contact with infected animals or animal products. On May 6, 2018, three cows suddenly died on a farm in Kiruhura District. Shortly afterwards, a sub-county chief in Kiruhura District received reports of humans with suspected cutaneous anthrax in the same district. The patients had reportedly participated in the butchery and consumption of meat from the dead cows. We investigated to determine the magnitude of the outbreak, identify exposures associated with illness, and suggest evidence-based control measures. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study among persons whose households received any of the cow meat. We defined a suspected human cutaneous anthrax case as new skin lesions (e.g., papule, vesicle, or eschar) in a resident of Kiruhura District from 1 to 26 May 2018. A confirmed case was a suspected case with a lesion testing positive for B. anthracis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We identified cases through medical record review at Engari Health Centre and active case finding in the community. Results Of the 95 persons in the cohort, 22 were case-patients (2 confirmed and 20 suspected, 0 fatal cases) and 73 were non-case household members. The epidemic curve indicated multiple point-source exposures starting on May 6, when the dead cows were butchered. Among households receiving cow meat, participating in slaughtering (RR = 5.3, 95% CI 3.2–8.3), skinning (RR = 4.7, 95% CI = 3.1–7.0), cleaning waste (RR = 4.5, 95% CI = 3.1–6.6), and carrying meat (RR = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.2–7.1) increased the risk of infection. Conclusions This cutaneous anthrax outbreak was caused by handling infected animal carcasses. We suggested to the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries to strengthen surveillance for possible veterinary anthrax and ensure that communities do not consume carcasses of livestock that died suddenly. We also suggested that the Ministry of Health equip health facilities with first-line antibiotics for community members during outbreaks.

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